Mental Patterns Of Substance Abuse - 991 Words

Drugrehab.org - How To Change Mental Patterns Of Substance Abuse? People with an addiction often struggle to break free because they treat only the physical element. The mental patterns that influence substance abuse must be changed if any addiction treatment to be successful. Understanding these patterns, and how to break them, can help you create a life free of addiction and its harmful consequences. The Mental Patterns Of Substance Abuse Our mental processes often work in patterns of repeated behaviors, patterns that are formed when we behave in specific ways for extended periods of time. They differ from our instinctual behaviors in that they are â€Å"learned† behaviors, or ones that we develop as we change and grow as human beings.†¦show more content†¦The relaxing effect that many smokers feel is actually caused by a decrease in withdrawal symptoms. The body, which feels pain and anxiety without its addictive substance, feels more at ease when the substance is added. However, the idea that smoking actually relaxes nerves and the mind is a damaging cognitive error, one that causes many people to turn to tobacco as a calming influence in their lives. Common Cognitive Errors Irrational cognitive errors are common in the lives of all of us and are especially common in people who suffer from addiction. Some of the most common cognitive errors that contribute to addiction include: All-or-nothing – essentially, black and white thinking, such as â€Å"I always feel better after drinking† or â€Å"I never experience anxiety after doing heroin† Minimization – playing down the damaging effects of addiction, such as â€Å"at least I m not living in a crack house† or â€Å"I don t drink every day, just Friday through Sunday!† â€Å"Should† statements – creating expectations and rules for yourself that are difficult, such as â€Å"I should be able to quit drinking in a week† or â€Å"I ought to be able to quit cocaine cold turkey† Labeling – letting your addiction create an identity that you can t escape, such as â€Å"I m just an alcoholic and that s that† or creating labels for people who are trying to help you quit and creating a â€Å"me versus them† mentality

Fighting for Hunger Free Essays

In this topic, we will see how Filipinos fighting for their hunger. We can see that there are so many people who starve to death, and the government didn’t do anything about this problem. I hate how the government didn’t do anything to solve this problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Fighting for Hunger or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many Filipinos who begging for food for them to live. My opinion here is we should help the others, if we help the others we can save a life. Starvation is not a joke we we’re talking about million lives here. The government should take an action to this issue. There are so many cases that people die because of the hunger or starvation, they die because they can’t do anything to stop their hunger, they just wait for someone to give them a food. So my opinion here is let’s stop this problem now let’s push the government to do something in this problem. If they can’t do anything then let’s encourage other people to help the people who’s in need. If the government can’t help them, I guess it’s time to help the other people for them to have a longer life. The main problem here is the government didn’t do anything to solve this problem. Many Filipinos died because of hunger or you can call it starvation. The rate of starvation in our country is increasing every year and every year the number of deaths in our country is increasing as well, it is all because of the starvation. I guess we are all aware that our country is rich in street people or you can call it as a homeless people, they are the one who experienced this problem, they can’t do anything because they don’t have any job or any money to buy their foods. We can help the by giving them a food or at least a small amount of money. In this way, we can help the others in a simple way. The problem here is why the government didn’t do anything to solve this problem, they didn’t do anything to save the others life. The fact that the government didn’t do anything, we should help the one who’s in need. If we have extra food or extra money we should give it to the people who can’t afford to buy foods. We can always start a feeding program for the hungry people. I think there are many feeding program in our country.In this way we can help others, we can save the others by giving them a food or a money. There are many ways to help the people who’s in need. If the government can’t take any action to this then I guess it’s time for us to make a move. We can help by starting a feeding program, giving a small amount of food and money to the people who’s in need. We can help others in a small way if we want to I think it’s time to help and care for the other people. Always remember that sharing is caring. How to cite Fighting for Hunger, Papers

Narrative & Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Compare Narrative Therapy with another Model of Counselling, considering similarities and differences in how the client is understood andengaged with, the role of the counsellor, assumptions about change, types of intervention and the evidence for effectiveness of the Models. Answer: Knowledge in narrative therapy is an essential tool in guidance and counseling. It involves the whole process of leading people to identify and concentrate on their values, skills, and knowledge(Thomas, 2002). It is in the 1970s and 1980s when narrative therapy came into being. It was introduced by Michael White and David Epston. It is through these aspects that people identify the areas they can perform best in life and work on them in the appropriate way. Narrative therapists aim at leading people, to understand them better than they do(White, 2009). When the responsibility to accomplished, such people who pass through this kind of therapy are at long last, able to deal with any problem or challenge that might come across them in their lives. A narrative therapist collaborates with the affected client to weaken the negativity in him or her and focus on the bright positive side. On the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy refers to the approach those people who have long-term skills or goals, to keep them healthy. This kind of therapy came into being in the 1960s. It was introduced by a philosopher known as Aaron T. Beck. According to this model, the way people feel or behave is closely related to what they think. Thinking makes the cognitive part of the approach, while feelings, emotions among other behavioral aspects, make the behavioral part of the approach. The following is a detailed explanation focusing on the differences and similarities between narrative therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The comparison of these two kinds of therapy needs a clear understanding of what they are. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a type of therapy applied in guidance and counseling, which majorly focuses on human behavior with the main aim of eliminating gradually or suppressing a behavior that is not desirable in a given society(Trauer Qian, 2015). This unwanted behavior not only affects the individuals but also other members of the society who are close or in a way, related to the former. In other words, behavioral therapy is a kind of therapy which has the main aim of bringing about a positive behavior change in the society. Generally, in cognitive behavioral therapy, one learns how to clearly understand his beliefs, thoughts, and altitude, question them, and come up with a solution to solve a problematic situation that is based on cognition and behavior. Narrative therapy, on the other hand, focuses on narratives that help to change the situation of the clients. Sometimes, stories are retold, to make sure all important aspects are fully captured. These stories, in this case, act as lenses. They reflect one's situation. A thorough interaction between the therapist and the client may create a totally different story, which in most cases, help to solve problems of aspects such as anxiety. Metaphors are commonly used in narrative therapy, to reveal what is hidden in the narratives. Critical thinking is a major factor that helps to me this therapeutic approach successful. There are several ways in which narrative therapy and behavioral therapy are similar and different. The following is a detailed analysis of the similarities in terms of the Roles of the client Clients are the real specialists of their own life. They pass through both positive and negative experiences. In both models, the clients are therefore for giving their experiences honestly and in a detailed manner, for them to get the right kind of therapeutic treatment. The experiences and wisdom of the client are a major source of the knowledge to solve their own problems(White M., 2005). They hardly notice this truth until they interact with the counselor. Secondly, for the therapy to take place effectively, the client should be open and free to express his/her ideas. When a client expresses his feelings, emotions, opinions values and principles, in a free manner, he enables the therapist to know how to solve his/her problems. According to(Graham, 2014), a problem shared is a problem solved. According to research in narrative therapy, such people tend to feel relieved after speaking out what is deep in their minds(Morgan, 2002). Small psychological disorders like stress can be dealt with, by only sharing ones emotions or feelings with close friends or relatives (Olatunji Davis, 2013). The following is a detailed analysis of the similarities in terms of the Roles of the counselor. First of all, the counselor is a consultant. He is also referred to as a collaborator. The major role of the client is to guide the client to understand the issues facing him or her in a deeper way. They are experts who are trained and effectively fit in their profession. One of the most important roles of counselors is to help their clients find solutions to their problems. A counselor does not give a solution to a problem, but with the help of the client, he or she can come up with a particular way or suggestion that may help in solving the problem(Freedman Combs, 1996). For example, a cognitive behavioral therapist collaborates with the client to guide him to find the solutions to himself. These solutions are mostly suggested by the client himself. Additionally, the counselor is also a curious learner. He learns through the experiences of different clients(Denborough, 2009). He then uses the knowledge obtained on one occasion to solve another similar, but related problem. The counselors act similarly in both therapies. It is also the role of the counselor in both models to help the client to develop self-awareness and accept their challenges. By so doing, it becomes easier for the clients to get help. The therapist should provoke conversations, to enable to affected, to disclose all issues regarding their problem. Similarities on assumption about change are as outlined below; Both models assume that human beings are able to interpret their own experiences. Human beings are knowledgeable. However, when they do not know the knowledge bestowed on them, they may not interpret both simple and complex problems facing them. Both models also assume that each individual has his own belief, attitude or story. All our experiences cannot be put together in one belief or story. The story of an individual should, therefore, be used to solve his problem, and not the story of another third person. However, review of how a problem was handled in a third persons story can also help to handle a current problem(Goncalves, Matos, Santos, 2009). The following are some of the notable interventions on both models. Therapists in both models of counseling, use different intervention principles, to solve the problems of the clients. One of the most common is the my life story' intervention. This helps the clients, to see that their experiences and stories are even minor and therefore they should not lose hope. For children, the expressive art interventions can also be used(O'Connor, 1997). When stories are told through expressive art, they become more influential and therefore help in both the narrative and cognitive behavioral approaches. The following is a detailed analysis of the similarities in terms of the evidence of effectiveness. There are various evidence to prove that narrative therapy is effective. Many publications have been made, showing this effectiveness. One of the most famous ones is the one written by(Fred Epston, 1989). In this publication, Fred explains about how children stealing cases had become rampant in the past but recent years. Out of the sample that was taken, 45 cases of such children stopped stealing. Famous narrative therapy evidence is a case study which was conducted by(Majid, 2014). This one included a sample of boys aged between 10-11 years, who had symptoms of social phobia. The duration for the narrative therapy approach took 90 minutes session. Eventually, the phobia gradually weakened and seized completely. This was reported by their teachers and their family. These children finally became good and fluent public speakers However, despite the many similarities between behavioral and narrative therapy, there are also some differences, which distinguish them. Based on the same basic concepts discussed above, the following are some of the differences between these two models of counseling. Role of the client Narrative therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy Here, most of the clients come to the therapist while a bit mentally composed. They only need help in aspects such as attitude change, making long term decisions among many others. Here some of the clients are extremely affected. Therefore, a guardian or a parent has to accompany such clients. For example, an extreme bhang addict cannot directly go to a counselor, without the help of a guardian Clients here are mostly willing to participate. A person, who wishes to get guidance on a certain aspect from a narrative therapist, will feel so willing to participate in any activity that is suggested by the therapist. Here, most of the clients facing adverse behavioral issues are often not willing to undergo behavioral therapy. As a result, they are reinforced through various methods of reinforcement, for instance, punishment, for them to change their behavior. The main aim of clients here is externalizing their problem for them to get help The main aim of the clients here is changing their behavior to a better one, which is acceptable by the members of that particular society. Role of the counselor Here the counselors also have different roles as far as behavioral and narrative therapy is concerned. The following table shows the differences between these two models of counseling. Narrative therapist Cognitive-behavioral therapist It is the role of the therapist to engage his/her clients in a lengthily conversations, to help them come identify their thinness, and hence change it to the positive way. Here, cognitive-behavioral therapists mostly reinforce the behavior of their clients, by involving them in several pieces of training, to modify their behavior. Narrative therapist focus on the experience of the clients in their approach. It is mainly focused on the experiences of the clients. One of the roles of these therapists is to help clients to identify the beliefs and attitudes, which are the major causes of their problems. Narrative therapists make the use of theories involved in this kind of therapy, to administer the appropriate counseling Cognitive-behavioral therapists make the use of behavioral theories to correct the irrelevant, undesirable and bad behavior, to a good behavior that is acceptable in the community. Some of these theories are; classical conditioning and operant conditioning(Vromans Schweitzer, 2011). A positive change in narrative therapy is realized through lengthy conversations between the therapist and the client A positive change in behavior is realized through practicing the aspects of good behavior taught Assumptions about change Narrative therapist Cognitive-behavioral therapist The assumption the narrative therapists makes is that the type of language used can bring about great changes in the thin story of the client(Lafrance Stoppard, 2007). Here, the cognitive-behavioral therapists assume that behavior is not only rectified by language but also real actions. They involve many aspects to change the feelings and attitude of the clients. Intervention Narrative therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapist In Narrative therapy, the approach to clients is professional and with less contact with the clients. The counselor and the client only need a close oral communication. In cognitive-behavioral therapy, the counselor maintains a close contact with the client to make it possible for him/her, to monitor the behavior of the client. Evidence for effectiveness Narrative therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapist The client provides a positive feedback about complete identity of issues like goals, attitude, values, among others The client can orally talk with the cognitive-behavioral therapist about how he was before and how he is after rehabilitation among other training programs which are aimed at changing one's behavior to a positive one. In conclusions, narrative therapy is a wide field of study which relies on the specialist on that field, and the clients. The main aim of this study is to make sure that all people in the global; society live in peace and harmony, solving any challenge that may arise in life. In collaboration with other related studies such as behavioral therapy, most of the people in the society get help on issues that with the psychology of human beings. References Denborough, D. (2009). Research, evidence and narrative practice. Dulwich Centre Publication. Fred, W., Epston, D. (1989). Australian and Newzealnd Journal of family therapy , 3. Freedman, J., Combs, G. (1996). Story development. In Narrative therapy. In The social construction of preferred realities (pp. 101-103). New York. Norton. Goncalves, M., Matos, M., Santos, A. (2009). Narrative therapy and the nature of Innovative Moments in the construction of change. Journal of Constructivist Psychology , 1-23. Graham, J. (2014). Narrative therapy for treating video game addiction. International journal of mental health and addiction , 701-707. Irwin, M., Olmstead, R. (2014). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. Tai Chi for late life insomnia and inflammatory risk. a randomized controlled comparative efficacy trial , 1543-1552. Lafrance, M., Stoppard, J. (2007). Re-storying womens depression. In C. Brown T. Augusta-Scott (Eds). Making meaning: Making lives. London, England: Sage Publications. Majid, G. (2014). The Arts in Psychotherapy. Morgan, A. (2002). Beginning to work with narrative therapy. Dulwich Centre Foundation. O'Connor, T. e. (1997). On the right Track: Client experience of narrative therapy. Contemporary Family Therapy , 479-495. Olatunji, B., Davis, M. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. Journal of psychiatric research , 33-41. Thomas, L. (2002). Poststructuralism and therapy: Whats it all about? . International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work , 85-89. Trauer, J., Qian, M. (2015). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic InsomniaA Systematic Review and Meta-analysisCognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Insomnia. Annals of internal medicine. Vromans, L., Schweitzer, R. (2011). Narrative therapy for adults with major depressive disorder: Improved symptom and interpersonal outcomes. Psychotherapy Research , 4-15. White, C. (2009). Where did it all begin? . Reflecting on the collaborative work of Michael White and David Epston , 57-58. White, M. (2005). Re-authoring conversations. Michael White workshop notes , 10-12.

The dissolution of the monasteries Essays - Christianity

The dissolution of the monasteries By Tommaso Faulkner 8RN Here we are today at one of the monasteries king Henry has recently shut down and we are here to discover how the protestants and Catholics think about this change so all we know is that king Henry the eighth wanted a divorce to his new wife Catherine of Aragon so he asked the pope because only the pope can give him permission to divorce but the pope said no so Henry said that the pope had no power in England and that from now on all the priests and monks were going to have to do what he said and not what the pope said and made himself the head of the church in England then he gave himself a divorce and married the pregnant Anne Boleyn hoping for a son now while you may think that he was protestant he was neither not catholic and not protestant in fact he passed a law saying that the church still had to have catholic services and didn't change the inside of a church at all. But anyway back to the present right now I am about to interview a protestant let's see what he says hello what 's your name?' My names john.' Can you tell us what your protestant beliefs are?' We believe that the church is to rich. People give the church lots of money but the bishops and monks spend it all on clothes and palaces instead of on helping the poor after all that is why we give money to the church so that they can help the poor but instead they spend it on what they want catholic priests are corrupt and lazy they do not do their jobs properly, the services are all in Latin they should be in English so that we can learn the stories and so that we can be closer to god and it's hard to be close to god if you cannot understand the services or read the bible yourself and then they allow rich people to pay a bishop or a pope to have their sins forgiven and only god can forget your sins, churches should be simple and plain because a simple church brings people closer to god the altar should be replaced by a wooden table and there should not be any ornaments which distract people from foc using on god. Ministers should wear simple robes they are ordinary people they should be free to marry Jesus Christ is the head of the church Christ is more important than a human leader like the pope the way to salvation is to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ only Jesus can forgive sins people do not need priests to help them find god believing in Jesus is the only way to heaven and salvation the way you practise religion is very important if you do not worship in the right way you will go to hell for eternity' thank you john goodbye' goodbye' so now we have learnt how the protestants feel let's find out about the Catholics hello what are you called?' My name is victor,' hello victor can you tell us what your Catholics beliefs are?' We believe that the altar is the focal point of the church it should look spectacular to show god how much we love him there should be candle sticks and ornaments on it the pope and his bishops can forgive sins people can show that they are sorry fo r their sins if they give a gift to the church, churches should be highly decorated with paintings and coloured windows showing gods glory people nee priests to help them find god the priests act as a link between an individual and god priests should wear special clothes to reflect their special status as the link between man and god they should not get married but devote their lives totally to god the pope is the head of the church god appointed him he knows best what god wants the church to do the way to salvation is to follow the teachings of the church what you believe about god and the way you practise your

The 9 Things Recruiters Want to See in Your Resume

The 9 Things Recruiters Want to See in Your Resume Think of recruiters as your professional matchmakers:The Edge Company (global corporation specializing in widget production, development, and sales),  2014 – 20177. Talk about your colleagues.This is your resume, so you don’t need to go into specifics about your buddy Jill in Accounting. But recruiters are tasked with finding a new team member for a company, and they need to know that they’re not going to send the company someone who may be a whiz with data, but can’t work with (or get along with others). Make sure your resume includes notes like, liaised with the marketing manager to develop annual marketing plans and budgets, or collaborated with the Sales Operations team to present annual strategy, goals, and progress. Show that you play well with others, without letting it dominate your resume.8. Brag about yourself.Definitely play up your achievements. If you’ve received honors or recognition at work, make sure your resume includes a section for those. A resume that is basically, â€Å"I’m the best, deal with it† on line after line will make a recruiter’s eyes glaze over, but you want to make sure you’re getting credit for the awesome things you’ve done- and for which you’ve gotten recognition.9. Explain gaps.Recruiters know what it looks like when you’re hiding information. If you do have gaps, try to give context in the cover letter. I was out of the workforce for a temporary personal matter, but am excited about bringing my expertise to this new role. Be honest- the recruiter can help you smooth gaps, but he or she can’t do anything if you offer no context.Recruiter Pet PeevesAnd now that you know what recruiters want to see, don’t forget to make sure you’re avoiding the things that could get you an eyeroll/automatic pass from the next recruiter who reads your stuff.Not Including Contact InformationThis seems like a no-brainer, but just make sure y ou’re proofreading to ensure that you’re including at least a phone number or an email (with a professional-sounding handle, please!) on the resume and cover letter you’ve worked so hard to produce.Going Overboard on BuzzwordsRecruiters know all the usual suspects- remember, they’re reading hundreds of resumes and cover letters. Avoid jargon in your resume, and opt instead for strong action words that show your strengths and achievements.Lousy FormattingMake sure your formatting is consistent throughout your resume, and that the document looks like a sleek, finished product. If it looks like several different docs copied and pasted into one, you might not get the attention you want.Resumes that Don’t Include ExperienceYour skills are a major, major part of your applicant package, and it’s great that you want to emphasize them. But don’t do that at the expense of your experience, even if you don’t have much of that yet. The recr uiter needs to have a full picture of you as an employee, and skills without job history won’t do that.Unprofessional Email Addresses (See #1)If GoGoGirl88 has been your go-to email address since you got one, it’s time to upgrade to Name@emaildomain.com. The recruiter is looking for someone who can bring maturity and intelligence to the role they’re trying to fill, and if they can’t even get past your ridiculous email handle, it’s not likely they’ll see you as the seasoned candidate you want to be.Remember, the recruiter is one of your best allies in your job hunt. If you put the time and effort into your resume and cover letter to get them on your side, you’ve already helped get your foot in that door. Good luck, and don’t forget to hug your local recruiter! (But only in the most respectful, professional of ways.)

Virginia State Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Virginia State Government - Essay Example 18, making monies available for â€Å"grants to pay for temporary housing, minor home repairs and other serious disaster-related expenses† (1). There is little argument that these services were needed, but the number of requests in the years to come might speak volumes. In June 2004, aid was given to Virginia once again. The â€Å"Federal Disaster Aid Authorized for Virginia Storms† press release read that funds were requested for a â€Å"series of severe storms† (para. 1). Most of the money went to southwestern Virginia to help residential families and small businesses affected by flooding from rainstorms, and damage done by tornadoes. In December 2006, the state of Virginia made application to FEMA once again for damage done by Tropical Storm Ernesto. This time, however, the state was denied FEMA help. In â€Å"FEMA Denies Richmond’s Housing-Money Request,† Michael Martz writes that the city was denied â€Å"more than $198,000 †¦ spent to house people in hotels and apartments after their North Side neighborhoods were flooded Sept. 1† (para. 2). Even with the rejection, Martz reported that Virginia officials still planned to apply for $35 million to fix a collapsed sewer line, and to take preventive measures against further flooding in the city’s Battery Park. Later that year, a news story titled â€Å"Blame the Weather† appeared in Economist. Although Virginia was not named specifically, the main idea of the article was that â€Å"bad weather and bad government may be related† (para. 1). The story read that the large influxes of cash provided by FEMA made it easy for government officials to skim money off the top by inflating the actual amount of damage done, demanding kickbacks from contractors hired to rebuild, etc. It was revealed that if FEMA were defunct, government corruption would be â€Å"cut by more than 20% in the average state† (para. 4). That is based on the idea of each state’s resident being cheated out of only $1. This

Confucius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Confucius - Essay Example One such prominent leader was K’ung-fu-tzu ( Great Master Kong)? and to the world he is better known by his Latinized name? Confucius? Confucius? born in BC 551 in the Lu Province? was one of the greatest philosophers witnessed by the world and in particular China? He was also a teacher as well as a political theorist who founded his own system based on his thinking and philosophies? He is often paralleled with the Greek philosopher Socrates so it becomes clear how important and significant his teachings are? He was born a descendant of the Shang Dynasty and was also a member of the ruling clan? Shih? However his family was not one that had a lot of wealth under its name? His father was a petty official whose marriage did not end very well as he divorced his wife for bearing him only three daughters and a son who was disfigured? The father than married a fifteen year old girl and the great philosopher took birth? Confucius was forced into different kinds of labor like working as a keeper of the granary? supervising the fields etc mainly because he lost his father at an early age? Despite the fact that he was engaged in manual labor? he was more inclined towards the system of education? that is? learning as well as teaching? He was responsible for the school of thought known as ‘Confucianism?’ which believes that â€Å"familial relationships are the foundation for society† (McDevitt, p.46). Although Confucius is the father of this school of thought? he was not seen as the Lord or the Savior? he was just considered to be a ‘Sage teacher?’ Confucianism is not a religion that was founded by Confucian? rather it is â€Å"a tradition generally rooted in Chinese culture and nurtured† (An Introduction to Confucianism, p.17). by him and his disciples .Though he started out with working petty jobs? he gradually â€Å"rose through the administrative hierarchy† and around the time when he was 40 years old? he became â⠂¬Å"the prefect (Zai) and director of public works† (Huanyin,p.1). in Lu and began to spread Confucianism? He traveled to different provinces and began to inscribe in the minds of the audience his teachings and his wisdom in order to show the people the right path of life? He developed his teachings into a book during the later stages of his life when he returned to Lu and this collection of his philosophical thoughts and teachings came to be known as ‘analects?’ During the time he faced a lot of problems as his only son had passed away and so did a very loyal disciple of his? He was also deeply grieved by the fact the leaders of his own state would not accept his teachings? Confucius’ journey of life came to an end in 479 BCE and he was mourned by followers all over China. For any great leader to think and ponder deeply about particular things? there needs to be some sort of external stimulus that influences these thoughts? When does one actually think? Wh en he sees things around him that he fails to understand why they happen and also things that cause trouble than that make one happy? Needless to say? Confucius’ thinking was influenced by various external factors and experiences that he went through? Now in order to understand Confucianism, one needs to possess a clear knowledge about the political and historical context from which it has arisen. Throughout the history of China? it becomes clear that the country has witnessed the rise and fall of a lot of dynasties? some of which were more